ThmDex – An index of mathematical definitions, results, and conjectures.
P539
Let $g \in G$ be a non-identity element in $G$. Such an element exists because $|G| = p \geq 2$. Let $\langle g \rangle$ denote the D1301: Generated subgroup of $g$ within $G$. Now R468: Lagrange's theorem states \begin{equation} |\langle g \rangle| [G : \langle g \rangle] = |G| = p \end{equation} That is, $|\langle g \rangle|$ divides $p$. Since $p$ is prime, then $|\langle g \rangle| \in \{ 1, p \}$. Since $g$ is a non-identity element, the generated subgroup $\langle g \rangle$ must contain at least two elements. This is because $g$ is included by default and the identity element needs to be included in order for it to qualify as a group, and the two elements are distinct. Thus $|\langle g \rangle| = p$. Since $|\langle g \rangle| = G$ and since $\langle g \rangle \subseteq G$, R2745: The only subset of finite set with same cardinality is the ambient set itself implies that $\langle g \rangle = G$. $\square$